This will be an abridged edition of my thoughts on a characther who I think is among the most enigmatic figures of the Bible: Pontius Pilate. Hopefully at the end I can qualify what significance Pilate’s actions have on modern man, and not just for theists, but agnostic, and atheist free-thinkers as well. I don’t believe Pilate is a simple character. His presence and behavior in each of the four canonical gospels is incredibly nuanced. Since this nuance comes from the biases of each author, I also want to know why Pilate is nuanced as he is in each account. I am not a biblical scholar, nor do I aspire to be one. I am approaching this as a lay-person with a brain and, admittedly, from a post-christian perspective. This post will be biased, but since I am genuinely interested in Pilate, historically and theologically, anyone who can offer any insights is more than welcome to do so. Equally, anyone who thinks I have overlooked something (which is inevitable) or believes I am failing to take something into account, please point it out to me. I’m interested in the dialogue as always.
First I’m just going to use Google to find the first, quickest and easiest references of the historical Pontius Pilate. Let’s begin where all great research projects begin, Wikipedia.
Pilate was a prefect, like a governor. He is best known as the judge at Jesus of Nazareth’s trial and the man who authorized his crucifixion. Unlike many events and miracles of Jesus’ life, the trial before Pilate appears in all four of the gospels.
“In Matthew, Pilate washes his hands of Jesus and reluctantly sends him to his death. Mark, depicting Jesus as innocent of plotting against Rome, portrays Pilate as extremely reluctant to execute Jesus, blaming the Jewish priestly hierarchy for his death. In Luke, Pilate not only agrees that Jesus did not conspire against Rome, but Herod Antipas, the tetrarch, also finds nothing treasonable in Jesus’ actions. In John, Jesus’ claims to be the Son of Man or the Messiah to Pilate and the Sanhedrin is not portrayed at all.”
This will be a brief overview of my thoughts on who I think is among the most enigmatic figures of the Bible: Pontius Pilate. Hopefully at the end I can qualify what significance Pilate’s actions have on modern man, and not just for theists, but agnostic, and atheist free-thinkers as well. I don’t believe Pilate is a simple character. His presence and behavior in each of the four canonical gospels is incredibly nuanced. Since this nuance comes from the biases of each author, I also want to know why Pilate is nuanced as he is in each account. I am not a biblical scholar, nor do I aspire to be one. I am approaching this as a lay-person with a brain and, admittedly, from a post-christian perspective. This post will be biased, but since I am genuinely interested in Pilate, historically and theologically, anyone who can offer any insights is more than welcome to do so. Equally, anyone who thinks I have overlooked something (which is inevitable) or believes I am failing to take something into account, please point it out to me. I’m interested in the dialogue as always.
First I’m just going to use Google to find the first, quickest and easiest references of the historical Pontius Pilate. Let’s begin where all great research projects begin, Wikipedia.
Pilate was a prefect, like a governor. He is best known as the judge at Jesus of Nazareth’s trial and the man who authorized his crucifixion. Unlike many events and miracles of Jesus’ life, the trial before Pilate appears in all four of the gospels.
“In Matthew, Pilate washes his hands of Jesus and reluctantly sends him to his death. Mark, depicting Jesus as innocent of plotting against Rome, portrays Pilate as extremely reluctant to execute Jesus, blaming the Jewish priestly hierarchy for his death. In Luke, Pilate not only agrees that Jesus did not conspire against Rome, but Herod Antipas, the tetrarch, also finds nothing treasonable in Jesus’ actions. In John, Jesus’ claims to be the Son of Man or the Messiah to Pilate and the Sanhedrin is not portrayed at all.”
We’ll come back to Wikipedia, since it’s an open-sourced conglomeration of information. But first I want to look at a couple other websites. From newadvent.org, a Catholic resource, “Pilate is a type of worldly man, knowing what is right and anxious to act on it unless it can be done without personal sacrifice. He would gladly have acquitted Christ, and even made serious efforts in that direction, but gave way when his own position was threatened.”
From bible-history.com, apparently the non-canonical gospels like the Gospel of Peter hold Pilate in positive terms. “Jesus is condemned not by Pilate but by Herod Antipas. Tertullian asserted that Pilate was a Christian at heart and that he wrote a letter to Tiberius to explain what had happened at Jesus’ trial.”Pilate was even canonized by the Coptic and Ethiopic churches.
Are these sources legit? Haha, I’d be surprised if they were. Real historical research would have to be done, at least in a library, at best at graduate school. You’ll be hard pressed to find a website discussing religious matters that doesn’t have a huge bias. However, I would suspect on the subject of Pontius Pilate you would run into less of a slant, as in all my Christian years he was rarely mentioned and seems to be an inconsequential coward, a politician not worth discussing when Jesus had so many more caustic encounters with just about everyone else. Compared to the Sanhedrin and the Pharisees and Judas, Pilate could easily be considered a friend of Christ. And yet because his inaction helped lead to Jesus’ death, he could be considered an enemy of the Christ as much as Judas or the Pharisees are. Or perhaps his behavior plays an allegorical role somehow, and his historical existence is incidental and irrelevant to understanding the message of the Christ, which seems to be the perspective most contemporary American Christians hold.
It is now impossible for any serious scholar, or thinking modern man to read the Gospels, canonical or otherwise, as if they had not been written with some agenda behind them. We know from today’s media, that the story always changes depending on who’s telling it. In one story perhaps the Jews were intolerant bigoted hateful sinners, and from the Jewish perspective perhaps Jesus was just an ungrateful, hippy, who was accosting God and their deeply held traditions, and deserved what he got, miracles or not. We know the horrendous acts a people group can resort to in order to protect its identity. Likewise, the depiction of Pilate in any gospel account is subject to the same biases.
Now I’ll head to the Bible itself. On the one hand it is essential to keep in mind the historical contexts of these writings. On the other, the contexts aren’t always so important. If the Pilate presented in the Gospels is actually a fictitious Pilate, then his mention could only be incidental. That just happened to be the governing official at the time, and he might as well have been named Humpty Dumpty, fifth prefect of Rome. In other words, if the account of his actions and what he said is made up to fulfill whatever agenda the particular gospel writer had, then we don’t need to know anything about the historical Pilate because he does not appear in the account of Jesus’ trial. This is the assumption, however poor of one some readers may believe it to be, heading into each of the four trial accounts. I will simply be looking at how the each Pilate; that of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John is portrayed. How are they alike, how are they different? What real consequence does each serve, and what is most obvious lesson to be learned from including him in the account. As John writes, it is impossible to include every little detail of every conversation Jesus had, but the gospel writers chose to give Pilate lines, so to speak, so we should ask why? What does this add to the message of the story?
Summary and analysis of Matthew 27:11-26 (NIV, other translations as needed.)
Jesus is brought before Pilate at which point Pilate asks direct questions and Jesus gives but one direct answer. This question is “Are you king of the Jews?” Jesus simple answer, “Yes, it is as you say.” It says that Jesus only answered Pilate this question. When the priests asked him he refused to answer. Was Pilate special like Peter and could handle knowing this little tidbit? Or did Jesus believe it didn’t matter since Pilate was a pagan and didn’t even understand what he was asking? Presumably, claiming to be king of the Jews, so long as you weren’t claiming to be king of Rome, was tolerable, right? As long as Jesus wasn’t trying to take over the kingdom or start a riot, what does Pilate care? Or maybe Jesus said it as though to say “Right, so this doesn’t concern you, Roman.”
Jesus refused to answer Pilate again after this, despite Pilate’s reminder of the priests’ charges. I always took this to be out of Jesus’ indignation at being the Messiah and having to suffer the embarrassment of trial. Jesus seems prideful here. Supposedly Pilate was amazed at this behavior. However I’m surprised that Pilate would be amazed at an accused criminal’s refusal to answer him. Pilate had presumably arrested rabble rousers before who surely would have refused to answer charges, who would have liked only to spit in Pilate’s face. Jesus is disrespecting and undermining Pilate’s authority. Since it was the Jews themselves who handed over this Jewish anarchist basically, Pilate could conclude with relative ease that this Jesus had no power and no popularity among the people. Matthew says that they handed him over out of envy. Pilate thought they were just trying to teach Jesus a lesson out of spite. Surely the Jews would rather deal with this hooligan than deal with a murderer! So Pilate offers to free either Jesus or Barabbas and the crowd picks Barabbas. Pilate backed himself into the corner. At just the right time, his wife writes him a note saying telling him he must let Jesus go because he’s innocent. As if the anxiety of the situation hadn’t already been enough. Now Pilate is stuck punishing an innocent man. But how is he stuck? He is the governor, doesn’t he have the power to just say “go free Jesus?”
Well, not exactly. These people are furious and a crowd can be powerful, if not successful, when they are denied what they want. Pilate could let Jesus go and be a hero (or not, more on that in a bit) or punish one innocent guy in the name of maintaining the public order. We know what Pilate chose obviously, but what if Pilate had let Jesus go? It’s silly because we know he didn’t, but if he did, would Jesus have not been crucified? Would he have not died for the sins of humanity? Or would the Jews have just stoned Jesus and Pilate would be truly innocent. Or was Pilate supposed to put Jesus in witness protection? If Pilate doesn’t give the go ahead on crucifying Jesus, there’s no crucifix, there’s no symbol of Christianity, maybe not as glorious of a resurrection. Pilate could have ruined the whole thing! Unless you firmly uphold God’s sovereignty and believe Pilate could not have chosen differently, at which point, he is off the hook.
So continuing with Matthew, Pilate does try to let Jesus go, pleading with the crowds to change their mind and just leave Jesus alone. Because the crowd was going to Jesus anyway, and then probably start a riot, Pilate’s hands were tied. Jesus was condemned before he even stood before Pilate. I think this is the real reason Jesus doesn’t answer Pilate. If we assume Jesus knows his fate is determined at this point, there is no point in answering anymore questions. Pilate is not anymore free to decide if Jesus dies or not than I am to choose to be 6’5” and play in the NBA. Sure, Jesus’ silence is also a subversion and major disrespect to the governor too. All the more reason to not say anything.
In some circles Pilate is seen as a coward for the actions that follow. He takes a bowl of water and washes his hands and says “I am innocent of this man’s blood.” To which the Jews eagerly reply, basically, “Fine we’ll take the blame just kill him already!” The Jews are blood thirsty and the Roman governor is a naïve angel. I can’t understand this account to be portraying Pilate as a coward, or anything negative for that matter. He was an uninterested party, a mere tool for the Jews to execute their murderous plot.
Mark 15:1-15
After the Sanhedrin (the governing council of the Jews) decided they wanted Jesus dead they took him to Pilate. Again Pilate asks a direct question and Jesus gives him one direct answer and nothing more. “Are you king of the Jews?” “Yes, it is as you say.” Nothing more. Pilate reminds him of the accusations, Jesus is silent.
The story follows Matthew almost verbatim except with some thrown in “the priests stirred up the crowd” as though the crowd were not entirely guilty of the crime either, but specifically the priests. This time there is no note from his wife, but still Pilate, simply wanting to appease the crowd, orders the crucifixion. I have to say the presentation of Pilate is the same here as it is in Matthew in my opinion. He’s a role-player. The Jews can’t execute someone unless the Roman state will turn a blind eye to it. And Jesus being a mere Jew who is bound to turn up dead anyway, okays the murder, especially if it will prevent a riot, which was all too common around Passover anyway.
Luke 22:66 – 23:25
This is a much longer account of the trial, which includes a second trial, to further show Pilate’s desperation to not deal with the innocent man the people are so upset about.
The priests and crowd again bring Jesus to Pilate and this time we get to see the accusations brought against him, which were merely glossed over in the previous two gospels. 1.) Jesus is subverting the nation. 2.) He refuses to pay taxes. 3.) He claims to be the Messiah, a king. Pilate takes this accusations under consideration, but obviously doesn’t take them seriously because he asks on question of Jesus again, and again Jesus gives one answer. You know how it goes, “you a king?” “yep.” Immediately Pilate says “Okay, well I don’t care.” Then the priests slip up and mention that he is from the region of Galilee which Pilate is delighted to hear because now he can pass the buck onto to Herod. So far, Pilate seems less concerned of the innocence of the Jesus and more just doesn’t want to deal with the paperwork. So Jesus is taken to Herod and Herod questions him and Jesus stays silent and the priests yell how pissed they are at Jesus and Herod is not amused so he sends him back to Pilate. Luke then tells us Pilate and Herod become friends after this. Some kind of mutual respect thing where Pilate acknowledges Herod’s authority I suppose. So Herod and Pilate both say there’s no reason for Jesus to die. Pilate tries a compromise and offers to just punish Jesus, but the priests really really want this crucifixion thing. I don’t know, maybe they had already sold tickets or something. Pilate is backed into a corner and pleads with the priests and people again, but they are insistent and demand that Barabbas the murderer be released. Pilate gives the okay on the execution. Again Pilate isn’t really guilty and he isn’t really innocent. He authorizes the murder, but he does beg the crowds to have a change of heart. Despite his position and his political power, he is overpowered here by the threat of greater violence. This, my friends, is an area of moral grayscale in the Bible. Pilate is just an impotent role-player. The religious elite, the old-school moral majority is portrayed as the heartless group.
John (here’s where things get all existential)
This time Pilate comes out to the priests to discuss Jesus as opposed to the priests bringing Jesus into Pilate’s palace. Pilate asks them what charges they have against Jesus and they are smart asses and say “He’s a criminal.” So Pilate says “Take care of it yourself, you have laws.” So the Jews say, “Yeah but we want to kill him and we need your approval.” Pilate goes back into the palace and summons Jesus to ask him some questions in private. (This also makes Jesus unclean for the Passover celebration, but Jesus doesn’t complain). Now, previously Jesus was brief with his answers to Pilate, but John shares the whole conversation with us. Pilate asks his famous “are you the king of the Jews?” question, but this time Jesus is a little bit more of a smart ass than before and says “did you think of that all by yourself?” Caustic. Pilate returns volley and says, “Am I Jew? I don’t give a shit if you are or aren’t, but your own people want to kill you, so if you don’t want to cooperate then I don’t care. I don’t have time for this shit.” Jesus gets serious and explains, “He is a king but of a non-earthly kingdom. If his kingdom were of the earth then his servants would have protected him from being arrested, but it’s not so that’s why he couldn’t avoid being arrested.” Which seems like a weird answer because if God wanted Jesus to be arrested, like supposedly was the plan, then why would his servants have prevented it in any kingdom, earthly or otherwise? To me, it seems like Jesus is mixing up his stories here. Seems like he should have just said his kingdom was from heaven and that all this was meant to happen. Instead he says “Oh man, you don’t even know! If my peeps were here, you’d be in so much trouble!” Pilate tries to get to the crux of the matter (pardon the pun) and says “So you are a king! of some sort kinda…” Jesus comes back with really vague language, so vague it probably wasn’t worth saying to Pilate who already doesn’t care about this trial and probably isn’t going to share the wisdom with anyone (and yet somehow it’s in the Bible in red letters hmm.)
Anyway, Jesus says, “Right. I am a king. I came to testify to the truth. Everyone on the side of truth listens to me.” I’m not sure if this was a threat or an invitation, but either way Pilate responds, quite intelligently and it SEEMS to be the first time Jesus is outsmarted in the Bible. Pilate asks “what is truth.” Now whether Jesus had a chance to answer or not is unclear, but it says that Pilate immediately went back out to the priests and declared Jesus innocent. Jesus was rude, but not worth killing. So Pilate does the Barabbas or Jesus offer again and the crowd chooses Jesus and it’s off to the flogging and crucifixion gig again.
In John Pilate also appears after Jesus is sent off to be flogged. He brings Jesus back out in the robe after his beating. He tries to get the crowd to change their mind, then he tries to just let them kill him so he doesn’t have to do it. They insist he be crucified properly by a Roman soldier though.
Suddenly Pilate goes from not caring about this trial to being afraid. He asks Jesus in private again “Where do you come from?” Jesus gives him the silent treatment now. Pilate becomes frustrated as the situation spirals out of control and now even Jesus is silent. Pilate says, “Don’t you realize I have power either to free you or to crucify you?” I’m not sure Pilate believes this though. He knows this Jesus is dead either way. He has to know. This seems like a stupid thing to say at this point. I think Pilate is coping precisely with the fact that he DOESN’T have the power to free him. Jesus seems to understand this and reassures Pilate that God is in control ultimately and that the priests are guilty of a greater sin. I’m not sure what sin Pilate is guilty of if he doesn’t even have the ability to let Jesus go. Pilate is just collateral.
Pilate who was afraid before suddenly gets brash again and brings Jesus out and mocks the crowd saying “Here is your king.” Of course he realizes they brought him to die specifically because they don’t believe he is their king, so Pilate is just making his own situation worse. He then has a sign made that says “king of the Jews” and has it hung above Jesus on the cross. The Jews say he should have written “this man claimed to be king” not that he was king. But Pilate obstinate says “what I have written, I have written.” Presumably Pilate has not converted to Christianity and is only insisting on leaving the sign as it is out of spite of the Jews. Something of a middle finger to them, since they are annoying troublemakers for him.
Summation
Pilate appears to be a role-player, collateral, incidental, innocent in all four accounts. Each gospel makes clear that the priests are ultimately the ones responsible for Jesus’ death and that Pilate was just a means of accomplishing the goal. It would be an injustice to say Pilate was at fault even a little bit. He simply did not have the power to stop Jesus’ death, even if he had the power to stop the crucifixion. Even if he COULD stop Jesus’ death, he would be thwarting God’s plan for salvation as it is taught in the bible, thereby making it quite clear that he could not because God cannot be frustrated.
The allegorical implications I see in all this are numerous. Pilate is in the same position in regards to God’s plan for salvation as any free thinking atheist is. 1.) Anyone who asks “what is truth?” when presented with a vague spiritual claim is not necessarily condemned. 2.) Pilate’s position demonstrates a moral and ethical gray area that some conservatives are not willing to accept. To see this gray scale play out, put yourself in Pilate’s sandals and ask what you would have done. Then think through the logical implications of that action (disclaimer: you will need a brain and basic reasoning abilities for that exercise.) 3.) Pilate did not think Jesus had subverting the nation, because he declared Jesus innocent on that charge. The Roman state did not crucify Jesus, according to the Bible for anything other than that’s what the Jews asked them to do. Rome had no problem with Jesus, at least in the gospels.
If I may quote Nietzsche here as a possible interpretation of the Pilate accounts. The same Nietzsche who said “God is dead.” This is from his book Anti-Christ: The pure soul is a lie . . . So long as the priest, that professional denier, calumniator and poisoner of life, is accepted as higher variety of man, there can be no answer to the question, What is truth? Truth has already been stood on its head when the obvious attorney of mere emptiness is mistaken for its representative.”
Digression and Expansion
If I may expand even further. I want to suggest that modern western humanity is in Pilate’s position. This man (think of it in the neuter sense) is presented with what seem like many options, from social work, to political activism (include voting), to consumer choices. But essentially, deep down, he knows he has no choice. He is Pilate standing before an HDTV and an iphone 4 and saying “Don’t you know I have the power to buy one of your or the other.” But that power is given to him by the culture and advertising. Modern man did not decide he wanted a phone on which he can check his email. He was told he wanted it and so agreed. A demand is created and then supplied much to the detriment of humanity, because the demand created is not for a sustainable supply.
Modern American man is told to vote, but sees only senators bought by lobbyists and presidents with no real power to change anything.
The Modern man can chain himself to a tree to stop it from being bulldozed only to be arrested and it be destroyed anyway. He can choose to give up using a car, and support sustainable initiatives only to see big businesses continue to destroy the environment as if how he lived and died meant nothing at all.
Pilate is the precursor to individual among modern humanity, which is just collateral damage like the Earth is just collateral damage. Humans are powerless in the face of their own greed and exploitation. When they stop exploiting themselves they can stop exploiting others and the Earth.
Modern man feels impotent. Entirely powerless, and deludes himself into thinking he makes his own decisions by indulging in self destructive behaviors. Man must feel in control of himself. This is all he wants. All a human being wants is to be in control, even if it’s just of him/herself.
Nietzsche called this the Will to Power, and that all living things are driven by it. Well modern humanity, by its own unchecked greed, frustrated itself into becoming a powerless consumer.
But I don’t believe modern man is entirely impotent yet. It’s a matter of choosing not to be chosen for. It’s looking at the debate over who is savior and saying “I don’t give a shit. Let the religious crucify the religious, no one will think for me. What is truth? The truth is many things.”
There are many more things I would like to touch on, like the abolition of guilt as slavery, to give an example. I’m currently expanding my ideas on the modern or post-modern or post-postmodern, if you like, impotency of the individual human being. These are each ideas I can articulate in about five seconds and yet its implications run deep, deep into the modern western psyche. I don’t know how many more posts I’ll have like this. These are all too long for someone to sit and read online anyway. Consider then notes for something more coherent and hopefully enlightening to come in the next few years. Do I smell a book? Who knows, but I feel I’m onto something here. Which means usually I’m just thinking something someone else has already thought. Oh well. I’ll take it as far as I can.
Finally, an excerpt from the current poetry project I’m working on. I felt it would be appropriate:
Exits—Much afforded.
Delivers each to each.
Interested parties
w/ no interest.
Blameless in
anxiety and accident.
The greatest burden is
treading water.
No kind of precision.
“Fine.”
Primal utterance—
You have to.
It is necessary—
You feel saved.
You forget. Then
you are saved.